Introduction For years, China’s real estate sector was seen as unshakable - driven by explosive urbanization, cheap credit, and the belief that housing prices would always rise. But since 2021, cracks have widened into a full-blown crisis. Developers like Evergrande and Country Garden - once industry giants - have defaulted on their debt. Construction projects have stalled. Property prices have slumped. And perhaps most importantly, investor confidence has been shaken. While

Introduction The Russia–Ukraine war, now in its third year, has become one of the most significant geopolitical shocks to the global economy since the Cold War. Beyond the immediate humanitarian cost, the conflict has severely disrupted two of the most fundamental markets underpinning modern economic stability: food and energy . Russia and Ukraine are both major exporters of key agricultural commodities, including wheat, maize, and sunflower oil. Russia is also one of the wor

Introduction After nearly two years of aggressive monetary tightening, central banks in developed economies began cutting interest rates in early 2025. The U.S. Federal Reserve initiated its first rate cut in March, followed by similar moves from the European Central Bank (ECB), Bank of Canada, and Bank of England. This synchronized monetary pivot, driven by easing inflation and slowing growth in advanced economies, marks a new phase in the global financial cycle. While rate